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Juliet Kadungure and Anderson Kadungure and Neria Kadungure v Patricia Darangwa and Master of the High Court of Zimbabwe (N.O)
HH 85-21HH 85-212021
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JULIET KADUNGURE
and
ANDERSON KADUNGURE
and
NERIA KADUNGURE
versus
PATRICIA DARANGWA
and
MASTER OF THE HIGH COURT OF ZIMBABWE (N.O)
HIGH COURT OF ZIMBABWE
CHIRAWU-MUGOMBA J
HARARE 2, 3, 4 & 5 March 2021
Urgent Chamber Application
CHIRAWU-MUGOMBA J: This matter was placed before me as an urgent chamber
application having been filed on the 23rd of February 2021. Upon receipt I gave directions for
the filing of notices of opposition and opposing affidavits as well as heads of argument. The
second respondent did not file a notice of opposition and as a result the court took it that he
will abide by the decision rendered. The applicants through the urgent chamber application
seek an interdict and on the return date a review. Ordinarily an application for review should
be filed separately but given the prevailing COVID lockdown and Practice Direction number
4 under which ordinary applications were not accepted for filing, I accepted the urgent
application hence gave directives. Let me hasten to say that this case is peculiar and should
not be viewed as setting a precedent that review applications can be commenced through an
urgent chamber application.
The first to the third applicants are respectively sister, father and sister of one Genius
Kadungure who passed away on the 8 th of November 2020 (hereinafter the deceased). The
factual background to the application can be summarised as follows. The deceased was a
well to do person who had business interests in Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. The
first respondent approached the family of the applicants at the funeral with a document that
she purported was a will of the deceased though it was not signed. Using undue influence,
the applicants accepted the document as the last will and testament of the deceased and
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recommended the appointment of the first respondent as the executrix of the estate of the
deceased. The first applicant dissuaded the applicants from seeking legal advice indicating
that she was also their lawyer. The second respondent accepted the document as the last will
and testament of the deceased in terms of the Wills Act and also appointed the second
respondent as the executor. This was followed by the issuance of letters of administration to
the first respondent dated the first of December 2020. The applicants reluctantly worked with
the first respondent though they had questions over the will a copy of which was never
furnished to them. After seeking legal advice they approached the first respondent who
refused to furnish them with a copy of the will and minutes of a meeting held on the 25 th of
November 2020. They only managed to obtain copies from the second respondent. To note is
that the will which was drafted by the first respondent confers executorship on her. She
during the lock down period attended to disposal of the deceased’s Lamborghini motor
vehicle in what they term ‘hazy’ circumstances. This was despite the fact that there was no
detailed inventory and there was no confirmed distribution account.
FNB bank in Botswana where the deceased held an account for his company called
Quick Gases (pvt) Ltd had extended a loan that had been unpaid since the demise of the
deceased. He also left assets in South Africa in the form of trucks that were in danger of
disappearing if the issues of executorship remained unresolved. The first respondent had on
the 5th of February 2021 advertised an interim distribution account stating falsely that such
was lying for inspection at the offices of the second respondent. The latter admonished the
first respondent over her false claim. There is litigation in Botswana over the legitimacy of
the first respondent’s executorship. The applicants seek an interim interdict prohibiting any
administration of the deceased’s estate pending the return date upon which a review of the
second respondent’s decision to appoint the first applicant as the executrix and to accept the
document in question will be sought. The grounds for review are framed as illegality/absence
of jurisdiction; fraud, speculation and malpractice and gross irregularity. The applicants are
further concerned by the following acts which cast the authenticity of the will in doubt. The
haste with which the first respondent seeks to dispose of the Lamborghini without following
due process; the invitation by the first respondent for members of the public to inspect an
estate account when she has already authorised disposal of the said vehicle; the will makes
reference to some persons without stating their actual identities; the vehicle arrived in
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Zimbabwe around the 30th of September 2020 and its inconceivable that the deceased would
have a will drafted bequeathing it to a third party 23 days after its arrival; the deceased had a
large fleet of vehicles and it is surprising that only the Lamborghini was mentioned in the
will; the first respondent falsely claimed that she is an attorney and she never wanted to avail
the will to the applicants. The will is therefore fake and the estate of the deceased should
proceed under intestacy.
The matter is urgent and cannot wait because the applicants are the surviving blood
relatives of the deceased and have a prima facie right to protect their interests. The
acceptance of the will is a legal nullity and there is need to stop the first respondent in her
tracks. She is already in the process of disposing of some assets of the deceased estate during
the lock down period more specifically a Lamborghini motor vehicle using a distribution
account that was never availed nor approved by the second respondent. Quick Gases in which
the deceased was the sole director is in danger of being liquidated after F.N.B bank in
Botswana froze the company’s bank account. The applicants have been given up to the 31 st
of March 2021 to attend to issues relating to the appointment of the first applicant as
executrix. The first applicant is dissipating the deceased’s estate to the permanent and
irreparable harm of the applicants is circumstances when her appointment as executrix is a
nullity, she has not furnished security to the second respondent for due administration of the
estate and she has not furnished the second respondent with a comprehensive inventory.
Waiting to prosecute a review application during the lockdown period without knowing when
it will end will prejudice the applicants who are at risk of losing many assets. The first
respondent continues to take the law into her own hands to the detriment of the applicants.
There is no other alternative remedy to protect the rights of the applicants. There is real risk
that the first respondent in the absence of a court order will continue to alienate and dispose
of the deceased’s assets and accordingly only an interdict will protect the rights of the
applicants pending the return date. The second and third applicants deposed to supporting
affidavits in support of the first applicant’s averments. They thus seek a provisional order in
the following terms.
TERMS OF THE FINAL ORDER SOUGHT
That you show cause to this Honourable Court why a final order should not be made
in the following terms:-
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1. The application is hereby granted.
2. The provisional order granted in this matter is hereby confirmed.
3. It be and is hereby declared that:-
2.1 the document registered with the 2nd respondent on 25 November 2020 under DR. No
1771/20 as the will of the later Genius Kadungure (‘the deceased’) (who died on 8
November 2020) is null and void; and
2.2 the deceased died intestate
4. 4. The decision of the 2nd respondent to register and accept the aforesaid document as
the last will for purposes of administration of the estate of the deceased in terms of
section 8 (5) of the Wills Act ( 6:06) be and is hereby set aside
5. The 2nd respondent’s appointment of the 1st respondent on 2 December 2020 as the
testamentary executrix of the estate of the deceased and all acts done by the 1 st
respondent ( personally or by other persons at her direction) under and by virtue of
such appointment be and are hereby declared null and void.
6. The letters of administration issued by the 2nd respondent on 2 December 2020 in
favour of the 1st respondent under DR no. 1771/20 appointing her as testamentary
executrix be and are hereby revoked.
7. The 2nd respondent shall convene another meeting to appoint an executor of the estate
of the deceased which meeting shall be presided over by an official other than the
official who presided over the meeting of the 25th of November 2020 or any of the
officials who previously dealt with the estate of the deceased; and
8. The 1st respondent shall bear costs of suit on attorney-client scale (in the event that she
opposes the application).
INTERIM RELIEF GRANTED
Pending the return date, the applicants are hereby granted the following interim relief:
1. Pending the return date, the 1st respondent is hereby interdicted from in any way
administering, or dealing in, the estate of Genius Kadungure ( ‘the deceased’) in
Zimbabwe, Botswana or South Africa; and;
2. The 2nd respondent or any other person acting on his behalf, be and is hereby
interdicted from (without the leave of this court) accepting for filing any document
by, or acceding to any request from, the 1 st respondent under DR. No 1771/20 save
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and except for the purposes of relinquishing the letters of administration issued
hereunder.
The first respondent strenuously opposes the application and raises several points in
limine as follows: - (1) the matter is not urgent because the facts complained of have existed
for 4 months and 8 days. The applicants voluntarily consented to the decision by the second
respondent to accept a document that did not meet all the formalities of a will on the 25 th of
November 2020. In terms of the Wills Act, they had 30 days within which to appeal against
the decision. (2) The applicants are seeking to interdict conduct outside this court’s
jurisdiction specifically in Botswana and South Africa. (3) The interim relief sought is
incompetent because the letters of administration remain valid and the appointment of the
first respondent as executor is valid as she has not been removed through an elaborate process
set out in the Administration of Estates Act. (4) The requirements of an interim interdict have
not been met and (5) there is no competent cause of action.
In my view, points 3, 4 and 5 touch on the merits of the case and as a result, I will
deal with points one and two only.
The test for what constitutes urgency has been set out in a plethora of cases with the
oft cited case of Kuvarega v Registrar General, 1998(1) ZLR 188 (H) being the locus
classicus. In my view, the matter placed before the court is urgent regard especially being
had to the events that are taking place, more specifically the rush to conclude administration
of part of the estate of the deceased and the placing of an advert for an interim distribution
account in both the government gazette and a newspaper. The adverts are legal processes and
failure to act on them has legal consequences. Whilst it is accepted that in terms of s 8(6) of
the Wills Act [Chapter 6:06] any person aggrieved by the acceptance of a document that does
not meet all the formalities of a will has 30 days within which to appeal, what the applicants
seek is a review which has different considerations from an appeal. The first respondent
visited the jurisdictions of Botswana and South Africa on the strength of the unsigned will
that had been accepted by the second respondent for purposes of administration. The will
itself specifically mentions Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa as countries in which the
deceased had assets. The first respondent has commenced litigation in the High Court of the
Republic of Botswana. In that matter her capacity is said to be administrator of the estate of
the late Genius Kadungure. She is suing one Leo Chiweshe. Part of the relief that she seeks is
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that she be declared the legally nominated executor of the estate of the late Genius
Kadungure. In view of the pending matter, this court will have no jurisdiction to make an
order interdicting the first respondent as that will be tantamount to interfering with ongoing
litigation in the Botswana jurisdiction.
Seemingly, nothing has been done in relation to the estate of the deceased in the
Republic of South Africa. The Administration of Estates Act number 66/65 in that country
(the act) deals with administration of deceased estates including those of foreigners who
leave assets upon death. In terms of s 13(1) of the act, no person may deal with assets of a
deceased left in the republic whether s/he was ordinarily resident unless authorised by the
Master of the High Court in South Africa. The letters of administration received by the 1 st
respondent in Zimbabwe do not entitle her to deal with the assets of the deceased in South
Africa unless she is authorised by the Master in that country. In terms of s 4(1)(b) of the act,
any Master to whom an application is made to grant letters of executorship or to sign or seal
any such letters already granted in respect of an estate has jurisdiction in a foreign estate.
Section 22(2) (c) states that a person who applies for letters of appointment issued in another
state must lodge a declaration under oath with the Master that issues letters of executorship.
S/he must state that such have not already been granted or signed and sealed by any other
Master in the Republic. There are special provisions relating to what are known as
‘proclaimed’ states of which Zimbabwe is one of them. This is in terms of s40 of the
Administration of Estates Act, 24 of 1913. In terms of s 21, the Master may instead of
issuing letters of executorship for estates of foreigners, merely sign and seal the letters of
appointment already issued in the foreign state. The first respondent may therefore follow
such a course of action. In my view, should the court be inclined to grant the interdict, there
will be nothing amiss in interdicting the first respondent from presenting the letters of
administration granted to her in Zimbabwe in the Republic of South Africa pending the return
date. The simple reason is that the applicants are seeking the revocation of the letters of
administration issued to the first respondent under DR no. 1771/20. The outcome of the
review process will therefore determine how the administration of the estate in the Republic
of South Africa in relation to the assets left by the deceased will proceed.
In heads of argument filed of record, the first respondent through her legal practitioner
further raised a preliminary point that there was material non-disclosure. The applicants did
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not inform the court that they signed affidavits under oath confirming that they had no
objections to the unsigned document being taken as the deceased’s last will and testament.
Reference was made to the oft cited case of Graspeak Investments (Pvt) Ltd v Delta Ops
(Pvt) Ltd and anor, 2001(2) ZLR 551(H). The applicants to the contrary were very candid
with the court that they accepted the document as a will and recommended the appointment
of the first respondent as executor. Their bone of contention is that they were unduly
influenced by the first respondent. The points in limine are therefore dismissed.
On the merits, the first respondent made the following submissions. The applicants
participated fully and were legally represented in the process leading up to the meeting of the
25th of November 2020. They accepted the document freely and voluntarily. They worked
well with the first respondent who has thus far managed to compile a comprehensive
inventory as well as compiling a second interim liquidation and distribution account. The
belated challenge to the will is to evade or delay payment of estate liabilities. She denied
refusing to give a copy of the will to the applicants as alleged. The will was drafted as per the
deceased’s instructions and he only delayed in signing it. Unfortunately he met his demise
before he could sign. The Lamborghini motor vehicle has not been disposed of. Messrs
Shomwe-Nyakuedzwa had requested release of the vehicle to their client and were advised to
pay the estate liabilities for this particular bequest. This was complied with. The first
respondent initially approved release of the vehicle but upon realising that she had not
advertised the interim account, she withdrew her consent to the release of the vehicle
telephonically. The motor vehicle remains parked at the deceased’s residence in
Domboshava. The first respondent explained at length the situation prevailing in Botswana
including litigation commenced on her behalf ostensibly to safeguard the interests of the
deceased’s estate. Contrary to the assertions by the applicants, she is recognised as the
executrix in that country. The applicants have various remedies at their disposal. They have
failed to meet the requirements of the granting of an interim interdict and the application
should be dismissed with costs.
In their heads of arguments, the applicants made the following submissions. The
applicants have meet all the requirements of interim interdict. They have a substantial and
real interest in the matter. The first respondent did not furnish the second respondent with
monetary security for due administration of the estate. She unlawfully has accepted payment
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of liabilities for the estate based on an unconfirmed estate account. She has invited people to
view an estate account in instances where she has not lodged any distribution account with
the second respondent. The will does not mention the name of Nomatter Zinyengere to
whom the Lamborghini was bequeathed. The deceased’s company Quick Gases in Botswana
is losing its market value. The balance of convenience favours the applicants. The second
respondent admonished the first respondent over her behaviour but she has not done anything
especially in relation to the motor vehicle and the advertisements of the estate account in the
government gazette and a newspaper. The law does not permit the first respondent to benefit
from the estate through appointment as an executor in instances where she authored the will.
The first respondent made the following submissions on the merits in her heads of
argument. The applicants have failed to meet the requirements for the granting of an interim
interdict. The first respondent was lawfully appointed as executor with the consent of the
applicants. The applicants did not appeal against the decision of the second respondent in
accepting the unsigned document as a will. There is no irreparable harm suffered because the
Lamborghini motor vehicle is safely parked in Domboshava where the deceased used to
reside. There is no evidence that the first respondent is disposing of assets of the estate. The
applicants have not made a formal complaint to the second respondent that would trigger a
process to have her removed as executor. The balance of convenience favours the first
respondent who has made significant progress in administering the estate both in Zimbabwe
and Botswana. The applicants have failed to exhaust their domestic remedies.
The well settled requirements for an interim interdict are as follows – see Setlogelo v
Setlogelo 1914 AD 221 at 227 which this jurisdiction has religiously followed.
a) a prima facie right, though open to doubt;
b) that there is a well-grounded apprehension of irreparable harm to the applicant if the
interim relief is not granted and he ultimately succeeds in establishing the right;
c) the balance of convenience favours the granting of interim relief, and
d) that the applicant has no other satisfactory remedy. See also Cool v Minister of Justice
1955 (2) SA 682 (C) at 688.
I find myself in a dilemma that courts often face in dealing with interim interdict
applications. I am referring here to the danger of touching on the merits of a case that may
unduly influence the outcome of the final order proceedings should the provisional order be
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granted. I find comfort however in the fact that the right referred to is prima facie only. I also
take a cue from the decision in Document Support Centre (Pvt) Ltd v Mapuvire 2006 (2) 240
(H) in which MAKARAU J (as she then was) on p243F stated as follows:-
Without attempting to classify the causes of action that are incapable of redress by way of
urgent application, it appears to me that the nature of the cause of action and the relief sought
are important considerations in granting or denying urgent applications.
It is therefore inevitable that the merits of the final order sought be considered. It is
my considered view that the basis of the whole matter revolves around the crucial issue of the
acceptance of a document that did not meet all the formalities as specified in s 8(1) (a-d) of
the Wills Act as the will of the deceased. These are writing, signing and attestation. Section
8(5) therefore becomes an exception to the norm in that it gives the 2 nd respondent, the power
to accept a document that does not meet some of the formalities. That section in my view
seeks to create a balance between being overly rigorous to the extent that it may prejudice
beneficiaries in instances where it is clear that indeed the deceased wanted their estate to be
dealt with in a particular manner but failed to comply fully with s 8(1) AND potential
fraudulent documents being touted as wills. See Janda v Janda, 1995(1) ZLR 375 (S) and
Mhango v Gunda, HH-147-2000. Section 11 of the Administration of Estates Act [Chapter
6:01] allows the transmission of a purported will or codicil or other testamentary instrument
to the second respondent or their assistant. That is why it is critical to conduct the two rung
inquiry before accepting a document that does not meet all the formalities as a last will and
testament – see Mujuru N.O and ors v. The Master and Others – HH-112-08. The applicants
have outlined the basis upon which they believe that the document presented is fake and
should be nullified. They cannot be said to lack a cause of action. They have explained the
circumstances that led them to go along with the document. The 1 st respondent has also
explained in detail circumstances surrounding the preparation and presentation of the
document. The acceptance of any document that does not meet all the requirements is not a
walk in the park In my view, there are prima facie red flags in the document itself, processes
and manner leading to the acceptance of the document as a will that may (my emphasis)
result in a court sitting on review making a finding in favour of the applicants. This is what I
would refer to as ‘live’ issues that need to be considered. The applicants in other words have
a reasonably arguable case prima facie on review. The question on review in my view must
revolve around the circumstances leading to the writing of the document and whether or not a
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proper inquiry was conducted and the authenticity of the document. This must of necessity
include the contents of the document itself. The whole basis of the inquiry is to arrive at the
truth and rule out fraud. If the court on the return date finds in favour of the applicants, it
follows that the deceased’s estate must be wound up on the basis of intestate succession. If
not, the document will continue standing as a will of the deceased.
The first respondent by her own admission jumped the gun in authorising release of a
Lamborghini in the absence of a proper liquidation and distribution account. In paragraph
13.2 of her opposing affidavit she takes full responsibility for her error. The immediate
question that arises is what is the urgency that warrants dealing with the estate in a piece-
meal manner especially in the absence of a confirmed distribution account? What influenced
the first respondent to initially as she claims authorise the release of the vehicle and then turn
around and say without providing proof that she then changed her mind? The second
respondent also took her to task over the manner in which she was administering the estate –
see page 36 of the first applicant’s founding affidavit being a letter from the second
respondent. Part of the letter reads as follows; ‘having gone through the file, we wish to
advise that we have no interim account in the deceased estate record. Neither have we issued
any document authorizing distribution of the estate to any individual at this stage’. And yet
the first respondent went on to advertise the estate account as lying for inspection.
According to applicant, the estate has liabilities and it is trite that an estate consists of
assets and liabilities. A beneficiary only has a mere hope that the liabilities do not outweigh
assets since they are supposed to be paid off first. That is why the law allows beneficiaries in
a coordinated manner to contribute toward liabilities should they wish to preserve the value
of the estate. This is in instances where liabilities outweigh assets. In my view the applicants
cannot be faulted for holding the view that irreparable harm may result from the conduct of
the first respondent. Their apprehension in the face of the first respondent’s admitted conduct
is valid.
The unfiled second interim and distribution account and the unfiled executors
inventory reveals that there are many assets as well as liabilities in the estate. Although at
law, a company is a separate legal persona, a deceased’s shareholding in a company
constitutes an asset. Nothing is said in the two documents attached as annexure INV 4 by the
first respondent to her opposing affidavit relating to the companies or the trucks that are said
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to be in South Africa. The estate of the deceased spans across three countries and there are
different laws and processes in relation to the administration of deceased estates of a
foreigner. That by itself may entail external conflict of laws. The balance of convenience in
my view favours the applicants who are beneficiaries. Even if the court finds on the return
date that the document should be taken as a will, their rights must be protected.
Contrary to the assertions by the first respondent that the applicants should have
appealed, the conduct complained of can only be addressed though a review and not an
appeal. The applicants have therefore in my view satisfied the requirements for the granting
of an interim interdict.
On costs, I do not see anything warranting the award of costs at this interim stage.
I am also mindful of the fact that a provisional order can be varied as long as it does not
depart from the gist of the application. The applicants have stated that they have been given
up to the 31st of March 2021 by FNB Botswana sort out the issues in relation to the first
respondent’s executorship. As stated already there is pending litigation in Botswana by the
first respondent seeking inter alia that she be declared the legally nominated executor in the
estate of the deceased. This may entail having the return date expedited. For the avoidance of
doubt the provisional order is granted with the interim relief varied as follows:-
1. The 1st respondent be and is hereby interdicted from administering the estate of the
late Genius Kadungure under DR No 1771/20.
2. The 2nd respondent be and is hereby interdicted from accepting any process in relation
to the administration of the estate of the late Genius Kadungure under DR No.
1771/20 filed by or on behalf of the 1st respondent.
3. The 1st respondent be and is hereby interdicted from presenting the letters of
administration issued to her in Zimbabwe under DR No. 1771/20 to the Master of the
High Court in the Republic of South Africa for purposes of the administration of the
deceased’s estate in relation to assets in that country.
4. The Registrar of the High Court of Zimbabwe at Harare is directed to expedite the
return date hearing.
The Registrar is directed to bring this judgment to the attention of the second
respondent.
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Ushewokunze Law Chambers, applicants’ legal practitioners
Rufu-Makoni, 1st respondent’s legal practitioners